However, several fundamental aspects of the rapid growth of Moso bamboo remain unclear. those related to cell wall biogenesis), are closely linked to shoot growth ( Cui et al., 2012 Peng et al., 2013a Gamuyao et al., 2017 Tao et al., 2020 Wang et al., 2021). Recent omics studies suggest that shoot growth is controlled at multiple levels and that hormones such as auxin (indole-3-acetic acid ) and gibberellin (GA), as well as their possible downstream target genes (e.g. The rapid growth of Moso bamboo is also a fascinating subject for scientific research to understand the mechanism of growth acceleration. About 1,000 years ago, during the Song Dynasty in China, the poet Lei Zhang wrote “Enjoying Bamboo Shoot,” in which he described the rapid growth of Moso bamboo after a spring rain: “Lush spring rain, moistening the barren hills and boosting the growth of bamboo shoots.” The rapid growth of Moso bamboo has long been a fascinating topic. This rapid growth phase usually coincides with the beginning of spring ( Peng et al., 2010). Moso bamboo is one of the fastest growing bamboo species on earth during its rapid growth phase, culms can grow >20-m tall within 45–60 days ( Peng et al., 2010). It is also the world’s most traded nontimber product, supporting a rapidly growing global industry with an estimated value of approximately $100 billion in 2025 ( Moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis) is a large, woody bamboo species widely distributed in East and Southeast Asia, covering ∼4.43 million hectares in China ( Song et al., 2020) and is an important raw material for the bamboo industry ( Ramakrishnan et al., 2020). Bamboo is a sustainable nontimber forest product with myriad documented uses ( INBAR, 2019 Paudyal et al., 2019). Bamboo is critical for environmental conservation and can be used to restore degraded lands, which has the potential to meet recently adopted global restoration targets, such as those in the New York Declaration on Forests ( Paudyal et al., 2019). They contribute to mitigating climate change by sequestering large amounts of carbon, which is a major contributor to global warming ( Sohel et al., 2015). Our results provide insight into the rapid growth of Moso bamboo.īamboo forests, comprising approximately 1,500 species, cover ∼31.5 million hectares in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide ( Guo et al., 2019b). We conclude that internode length involves a possible tradeoff mediated by mechanical pressure caused by rapid growth, possibly influenced by environmental temperature and regulated by genes related to cell division and elongation. Our results suggest that (1) gibberellin may directly trigger the rapid growth of Moso shoots, (2) decreased cytokinin and increased auxin accumulation may trigger cell DZ elongation, and (3) abscisic acid and mechanical pressure may stimulate rapid SCW thickening via MYB83L. We used anatomical, mathematical, physiological, and genomic data to characterize development and transcriptional networks during rapid growth in internode 18. These zones elongated 11.8 cm, produced approximately 570,000,000 cells, and deposited ∼28 mg g −1 dry weight (DW) lignin and ∼44 mg g −1 DW cellulose daily, far exceeding vegetative growth observed in other plants. This internode includes a 2-cm cell division zone (DZ), a cell elongation zone up to 12 cm, and a secondary cell wall (SCW) thickening zone. After examining more than 12,750 internodes from more than 510 culms from 17 Moso populations, we identified internode 18 as a representative internode for rapid growth. Moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis) shows remarkably rapid growth (114.5 cm/day), but the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear.
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